publicado el 21 de septiembre de 2021
A las 19:34 del 21 de julio, el módulo de ascenso se elevó desde la Luna hacia su cita con el CSM. Siete minutos después del despegue, el Eagle entró en órbita lunar a cien kilómetros de altura y a quinientos kilómetros del Columbia. Lentamente y utilizando los propulsores de posición RCS, se acercaron ambos vehículos hasta que tres horas y media después volaban en formación.
El comandante efectuó la maniobra final con el Eagle y giró para encararse con el Columbia. Se acercó hasta que los ganchos de atraque actuaron y ambos módulos quedaron acoplados. El módulo de ascenso es entonces abandonado y con el tiempo caería sobre la superficie lunar.
El transbordo de las muestras y la desconexión de parte de los sistemas del módulo Eagle tuvo ocupada a la tripulación durante dos horas y, cuando se situaron en sus puestos, se prepararon para abandonar al Eagle en la órbita de la Luna.
A las 6:35 del 22 de julio encendieron los motores del módulo iniciando el regreso a la Tierra. Es la maniobra denominada inyección trans-tierra, que consiste en un encendido hipergólico de dos minutos y medio y que situó al Columbia en una trayectoria de caída hacia la Tierra que concluiría en sesenta horas.
Houston les informó de posibilidades de temporal en la zona prevista para el amerizaje, por lo cual el Apolo 11 fue redirigido a una zona con tiempo estable, concretamente a 1.500 Km al sudoeste de las islas Hawai, donde serían recogidos en el océano Pacífico por los tripulantes del portaaviones USS Hornet.
Los equipos de recuperación se prepararon para recoger a la tripulación del Apolo 11. A unos kilómetros de altura, el módulo de mando con la tripulación en él, se separó del módulo de servicio y se preparó para la reentrada. En esta parte de la misión no se emplean motores de frenado debido principalmente a ondas de choque supersónicas que provocan una reducción de la velocidad de la cápsula desde los 40.000 km/h iniciales a unos pocos cientos, de modo que puedan abrirse los paracaídas sin riesgo de rotura.
La reentrada es un proceso en el que la inmensa energía cinética de la cápsula se disipa en forma de calor por su rozamiento con la atmósfera terrestre, que se precipita como un meteoro llegando a alcanzar una temperatura de unos 3.000 °C. Uno de los efectos de esta elevada temperatura es que se forma una pantalla de aire ionizado que interrumpe totalmente las comunicaciones con la nave durante algunos minutos, período llamado velo negro.
Unos minutos después de la pérdida de comunicaciones se recibieron en Houston las primeras señales procedentes de la nave. A 8 kilómetros de altura se abrieron los dos primeros paracaídas para estabilizar el descenso. A tres kilómetros, eran reemplazados por tres paracaídas piloto y los tres paracaídas principales de veinticinco metros de diámetro.
Por fin consiguieron amerizar a las 18:50 del 24 de julio, exactamente ocho días, tres horas, 18 minutos y 35 segundos después de que el Saturno V abandonara la rampa del Complejo 39. El amerizaje fue extremadamente preciso, desviándose tan sólo 2 millas náuticas del punto previsto inicialmente.
Se estima que 600 millones de personas en todo el planeta presenciaron el alunizaje del Apolo 11.
playlist
HORNET: Apollo 11, Apollo 11. This is Hornet. Hornet. Over.
Armstrong: Hello, Hornet. This is Apollo 11 reading you loud and clear. Our position 1330, 16915.
HORNET: 11, Hornet. Copy 1330, 1675. Any further data? Over.
Armstrong: 330, 169, 15.
HORNET: Do you have an error?
HORNET: We have that. And what is condition of the crew?
Public Affairs: Hornet has voice contact. Aircraft reports visual with 3 full chutes.
HORNET: 11, this is Hornet. What's your error of splashdown and condition of crew? Over.
Armstrong: The condition of crew ... 4000 - 3500 feet, on the way down.
HORNET: 11, this is Hornet. Copy. 11, Hornet. What's your splashdown error? Over.
Armstrong: Okay. Our splashdown error is by latitude, longitude, 1330 16 ... 15. That's ...
HORNET: Hornet. Roger, out.
Public Affairs: Hornet reports spacecraft right on target point.
Armstrong: Okay, Hornet. Apollo 11 is out.
HORNET: Roger. 2500 on chutes.
SWIM 1: SWIM 1 has ... contact 150, holding ... 190.
HORNET: Hornet. Roger. Out.
SWIM 1: ... bearing 200.
Armstrong: Apollo 11 at 1500 feet.
HORNET: Hornet. Roger. Copy. Out.
Public Affairs: That's Neil Armstrong giving the position report.
SWIM 1: Swim 1. Have a visual dead ahead about a mile?
HORNET: Hornet. Roger. ... Hornet. ... spacecraft.
SWIM 1: Roger. This is SWIM 1, Apollo 11.
Armstrong: ... 300 feet.
SWIM 1: Roger. You're looking real good.
SWIM 1: Splashdown! Apollo has splashdown.
HORNET: Hornet, copy. Understand splashdown.
SC: ... splashdown.
SPEAKER: President Nixon waving to the astronauts. The curtains have been drawn. There they are in the rear window. President signaling for applause from the crowd. Astronauts gather in the window.
NIXON: Nell, Buzz, and Mike. I want you to know that I think I'm luckiest man in the world. And I say this not only because I have the honor to be President of the United States, but particularly because I have the privilege of speaking for so many in welcoming you back to Earth. I could tell you about all the messages we received in Washington. Over one hundred foreign governments, Emperors, and Presidents and Prime Ministers and Kings have sent the most warm messages that we have ever received. They represent over 2 billion people on this Earth. All of them who have had the opportunity through television to see what you have done. And then I also bring you messages from members of the Cabinet and members of the Senate and members of the House and the Space Agency. From the streets of San Francisco where people stopped me a few days ago, and you all love that city, I know, as I do. But most important, I had a telephone call yesterday. The toll wasn't, incidentally, as great as the one I made to you fellows on the Moon. (Laughter) I made that collect, incidentally, in case you didn't know. But I called the three of, in my view, three of the greatest ladies and most courageous ladies in the whole world today, your wives. And from Jan and Joan and Pat, I bring their love and their congratulations. We think that it is just wonderful that they could have participated, at least through television, in this return; we're only sorry they couldn't be here. And also, I've got to let you in on a little secret - I made a date with them. (Laughter) I invited them to dinner on the 13th of August, right after you come out of quarantine. It will be a state dinner held in Los Angeles. The governors of all the fifty States will be there, the ambassadors, others from around the world and in America. And they told me that you would come too. And all I want to know - will you come? We want to honor you then.
Armstrong: We'll do anything you say, Mr. President. Any time.
NIXON: One question, I think, all of us would like to ask. As we saw you bouncing around in that boat out there, I wonder if that wasn't the hardest part of the journey. Was that - did any of you get seasick?
Armstrong: No, we didn't. And it was one of the harder parts, but it was one of the most pleasant, we can assure you.
NIXON: Yes, well, I just know that you can sense what we all sense. When you get back now - incidentally, have you been able to follow some of the things that happened when you've gone. Did you know about the All-Star game?
Armstrong: Yes, sir. The Capsule Communicators have been giving us daily news reports.
NIXON: They keep you posted.
Were you American League or National League?
Armstrong: I'm [a?] National League man.
Aldrin: I'm non-partisan, sir.
NIXON: That's right.
There's the politician in the group, right.
Armstrong: We're sorry you missed that game.
NIXON: Yes, well - oh, you knew that too.
Armstrong: We hear that...
NIXON: The rain...
Armstrong: The rain. Well, we haven't learned to control the weather yet, but that's something we can look forward to as tomorrow's challenge.
NIXON: Right, right. Well, I can only summarize it because I don't want to hold you now. You have so much more to do. And gee, you look great - do you feel as good as you look?
Armstrong: Oh, we feel just perfect, Mr. President.
NIXON: Yeah, I understand your - Frank Borman says you're a little younger by reason of having gone into space, is that right. Do you feel that way, a little younger?
Collins: We're a lot younger than Frank Borman. (Laughter).
NIXON: There he is, over there. Come on over Frank, so they can see you. You going to take that lying down?
Collins: It looks like he has aged in the last couple of days.
NIXON: Come on, Frank.
Selección musical ©2021 Javier Bedoya para lostfrontier.org